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I wrote this short guide to keep track of the upgrade procedure for the kernel on a Gentoo system. The main steps are summarized, with additional sections about the Nvidia drivers and Intel microcode.
This guide should be used as a checklist and assumes an already working installation. If you need more exhaustive documentation, refer to the Gentoo wiki.
Preliminary steps
We will update from linux-A.B.C to linux-X.Y.Z.
Let’s start by fetching the source of the new kernel.
emerge -uDUa --with-bdeps=y =sys-kernel/gentoo-sources-X.Y.Z
You may also need to update @world set before updating the kernel.
emerge -uDUa --with-bdeps=y @world
Using eselect, select the kernel version that you want to upgrade to.
This will adjust the /usr/src/linux symlink.
eselect kernel list
eselect kernel set X
Go to the directory containing kernel sources.
cd /usr/src/linux
Configuration
Start by copying your .config from the old kernel sources.
# from the old folder
cp /usr/src/linux-A.B.C-gentoo/.config /usr/src/linux
# from the running kernel
zcat /proc/config.gz > /usr/src/linux/.config
Then, you will have to update the configuration file. The oldconfig target will interactively prompt you to insert values for the new options.
make oldconfig
Alternatively, olddefconfig will automatically insert default values for the new options.
make olddefconfig
To easily change more configuration options you can use menuconfig, which will start an interactive ncurses interface.
make menuconfig
Manually editing the
.config file is highly discouraged
since configuration options have dependencies.
Building
Once you are done changing your configuration, you can build your kernel with make. The NVIDIA drivers and Intel microcode require you to do extra steps before building.
You can speed up the build process by using multiple make jobs.
It is helpful to determine the number of cpu threads with nproc.
make -j$(nproc)
Installation
Firstly, mount the boot partition if it is not already mounted.
mount /boot
Then, you can install the new kernel and modules.
make install
make modules_install
Update your bootloader configuration. If you are using GRUB, you can use grub-mkconfig.
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Some kernel modules may be installed by packages and live outside of the kernel source tree (e.g. Nvidia drivers). They need to be rebuilt every time you change the kernel. Luckily portage provides this handy shorthand.
emerge @module-rebuild
Additionally, some drivers may require firmware updates.
emerge sys-kernel/linux-firmware
Now you can reboot your machine and everything should hopefully work as intended.
Clean up
It is a good habit to keep the old kernel files around (at least until you have verified the new ones).
If you have a few old kernels in your boot partition, you may want to remove some of them.
rm /boot/System.map-A.B.C-gentoo
rm /boot/config-A.B.C-gentoo
rm /boot/vmlinuz-A.B.C-gentoo
Then, remember to update GRUB (or your bootloader of choice).
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Addendum
Nvidia drivers
I will not delve too much on the details here. You can check exactly which kernel options features to enable on the wiki1.
However, I recently found the solution to a problem that caused my TTYs to be blank.
I had accidentally activated FB_SIMPLE, SYSFB_SIMPLEFB and DRM_SIMPLEDRM.
These options cause problems with newer nvidia drivers and should be disabled2.
emerge x11-drivers/nvidia-drivers
If you already installed the drivers, @module-rebuild should automatically rebuild them.
Intel microcode
Install Intel’s iucode_tool for managing microcodes.
emerge sys-firmware/intel-microcode
Use the tool to get the processor signature and search a microcode bundle with a matching signature.
iucode_tool -S
iucode_tool -S -l /lib/firmware/intel-ucode/*
Enable in the kernel configuration the microcode loading features and add in the Firmware loading facility the microcode bundle found before as a named firmware blob, then build the kernel.
Now build and install the kernel.
Verify after rebooting that the microcode is loaded by the kernel.
dmesg | grep microcode
For more details, see the wiki3.